Harga kopi telah meroket di pasar komoditas internasional, dan meskipun konsumen di Kanada belum merasakan dampaknya, tekanan perubahan iklim terhadap perkebunan kopi dunia membuat industri ini gelisah, kata orang dalam dan ilmuwan.
Harga pasar saat ini untuk biji Arabika, yang menguasai sekitar 70 persen pasar kopi, adalah sekitar $2,70 AS per pon. Kali ini tahun lalu, harganya sekitar $1,49 AS.
Sementara itu, harga pasar biji Robusta yang lebih murah, yang disukai di Eropa dan pembuat kopi instan, meningkat lebih dari dua kali lipat dalam 12 bulan terakhir.
Lonjakan harga ini terjadi di tengah kekeringan parah di Brasil dan Vietnam, dua produsen kopi terbesar di dunia. Dan dengan perubahan iklim yang meningkatkan frekuensi kejadian cuaca ekstrem ini, orang dalam industri mengatakan situasi ini dapat mengakibatkan harga secangkir kopi yang lebih tinggi di Kanada.
Dampak perubahan iklim “menjadi semakin jelas… khususnya di negara asal kopi,” kata Robert Carter, presiden Asosiasi Kopi Kanada kepada CBC News.
“Kita juga mempunyai dampak lain seperti hama dan penyakit di wilayah seperti Kolombia dan Vietnam. Jadi, jika kita menggabungkan semua itu, terkait dengan gangguan rantai pasokan, maka hal ini akan mengakibatkan tekanan harga yang kita alami pada kopi.”
Pemanggang roti Kanada merasakan panasnya
Hingga 5.500 pon biji kopi dipanggang setiap hari di Chronicle Coffee Roasters di Calgary tergantung waktu dalam setahun, kata pemilik dan pendiri Karl Ward. Mereka memanggang untuk diri mereka sendiri dan merek lain, dan bekerja sama dengan kafe independen di seluruh Kanada.
Pasar, katanya, selalu berfluktuasi.
“Tetapi satu hal yang belum pernah kita lihat sebelumnya dalam dunia roaster adalah fluktuasi seperti yang kita alami sekarang.”
Di Brasil, produsen kopi terbesar di dunia, para petani selama berbulan-bulan bergulat dengan salah satu kekeringan terburuk yang pernah dialami wilayah ini dalam beberapa dekade. Sebagian besar negara tersebut telah menerima curah hujan dengan tingkat rendah yang tidak normal sejak bulan Mei, termasuk negara bagian Minas Gerais di tenggara Brasil, yang merupakan tempat banyak perkebunan Arabika di negara tersebut.
Seorang petani di Caconde, sebuah kota di salah satu daerah pertumbuhan utama di negara bagian Sao Paulo, mengatakan kepada Associated Press awal bulan ini bahwa ia memperkirakan dapat memanen 120 karung biji kopi pada musim ini, namun hanya berhasil memperoleh 100 karung karena kekeringan.
Gagal panen di Vietnam tahun ini akibat kekeringan juga menambah tekanan pada Brasil. Vietnam adalah produsen terbesar biji Robusta yang jumlahnya kurang melimpah. Beberapa pembeli Robusta tradisional beralih membeli Arabika, yang sebagian besar diproduksi di Brasil. Untuk pemanggang kopi spesial yang hanya menggunakan biji Arabika, seperti Ward, ada tekanan tambahan.
Produsen mengatakan kenaikan harga yang besar belum berdampak pada konsumen
Bagi konsumen Kanada, harga eceran rata-rata sekantong kopi sangrai atau kopi bubuk telah meningkat hampir 25 persen dalam empat tahun terakhir, menurut Statistik Kanada. Angka tersebut jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan kenaikan harga di pasar komoditas, namun lonjakan yang terlihat pada tahun ini diperkirakan akan menyebabkan “kenaikan harga kopi di kemudian hari” bagi konsumen rata-rata, kata Carter.
Naik turunnya harga komoditas kopi tidak sama persis dengan harga latte di kedai kopi lokal Anda, karena kafe memperhitungkan banyak pengeluaran lain dalam satu cangkir, seperti biaya tenaga kerja.
Ward memperkirakan kenaikan harga lebih lanjut bagi konsumen akan memakan waktu tiga hingga enam bulan untuk mulai berlaku dan tidak jelas seberapa besar kenaikan tersebut dapat terjadi.
Namun perusahaan-perusahaan yang berada di tengah rantai pasokan merasa khawatir.
Harga komoditas kopi naik sekitar 80 persen, kata Ward. “Hal ini tidak berkelanjutan bagi kami sebagai pemanggang kopi, dan tidak akan berkelanjutan bagi konsumen.”
Dia memperkirakan harga pasar akan turun mendekati $2-$2,20 AS pada akhir tahun ini – dan memperingatkan bahwa stabilisasi ini bergantung pada kondisi cuaca di wilayah penghasil kopi tahun depan.
Perubahan iklim meningkatkan frekuensi kekeringan: ilmuwan
Di daerah penghasil kopi di Brasil, kekeringan sebesar ini seharusnya terjadi “setiap 50 tahun sekali,” menurut Nathan Moore, seorang profesor di Michigan State University yang mempelajari pemodelan iklim. Namun kekhawatiran terhadap industri kopi meningkat selama kekeringan sebelumnya pada tahun 2014 dan 2021.
“Dalam hal ini, tampaknya perubahan iklim dan penggundulan hutan digabungkan untuk meningkatkan kemungkinan terjadinya kekeringan parah yang lebih sering terjadi,” kata Moore.
Ketika pepohonan ditebang, hal ini akan mengganggu daur ulang kelembapan ekosistem, sehingga berpotensi menjadikan wilayah lebih rentan terhadap kekeringan, jelas Moore.
Deforestasi telah lama menjadi masalah di Brazil, dan tingkat deforestasi telah lama menjadi masalah melonjak ke tingkat rekor di bawah mantan presiden Jair Bolsonaro. Presiden Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, yang mengambil alih kekuasaan pada tahun 2023, berjanji untuk mengakhiri deforestasi di Amazon, dan laju deforestasi di Amazon semakin meningkat. baru-baru ini menurunmenurut data dari badan antariksa negara. Namun hal ini masih menjadi kekhawatiran yang mendesak.
Perubahan iklim mungkin hanya salah satu penyebab tingginya harga yang kita lihat saat ini, namun perubahan iklim merupakan ancaman terbesar terhadap keberlanjutan kesehatan industri di masa depan, kata para ahli. Moore menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan frekuensi kekeringan dapat menyebabkan petani mengalami lebih banyak kegagalan panen dibandingkan perkiraan mereka, sehingga berpotensi menyebabkan sebagian petani meninggalkan industri ini sama sekali.
Maren Oelbermann, ilmuwan tanah dan profesor di Fakultas Lingkungan Universitas Waterloo, menjelaskan bahwa perubahan iklim dan cuaca ekstrem juga memberikan tekanan pada tanaman dengan mengubah kondisi pertumbuhan yang biasa mereka alami, yang dapat membahayakan tanaman kopi. mempunyai risiko lebih besar terkena penyakit.
Model pertumbuhan berkelanjutan, seperti model “agroforestri” yang mengintegrasikan pepohonan dengan tanaman di lahan yang sama, mungkin diperlukan untuk mempertahankan produksi tanaman dalam perubahan iklim sekaligus menekan biaya, katanya.
“Mungkin cara kita bertani, baik di daerah tropis atau di daerah beriklim sedang, kita mungkin perlu mencermati cara kita melakukan sesuatu, karena hal itu mungkin perlu diubah,” katanya. dikatakan.
“Saya pikir hal ini hanya memerlukan perubahan dalam cara berpikir kita.”
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